Pelofske, E., Hahn, G. & Djidjev, H.N. Parallel quantum annealing. Scientific Reports 12, 4499 (2022).

The application of quantum annealing to the optimization of continuous-variable functions is a relatively unexplored area of research. We test the performance of quantum annealing applied to a one-dimensional continuous-variable function with a rugged energy landscape. After domain-wall encoding to map a continuous variable to discrete Ising variables, we first benchmark the performance of the real hardware, the D-Wave 2000Q, against several state-of-the-art classical optimization algorithms designed for continuous-variable problems to find that the D-Wave 2000Q matches the classical algorithms in a limited domain of computation time. Beyond this domain, classical global optimization algorithms outperform the quantum device. Next we examine several optimization algorithms that are applicable to the Ising formulation of the problem, such as the time-evolving block decimation (TEBD) to simulate ideal coherent quantum annealing, simulated annealing, simulated quantum annealing, and spin-vector Monte Carlo. The data show that TEBD's coherent quantum annealing achieves far better results than the other approaches, demonstrating the effectiveness of coherent tunneling. From these two types of benchmarks, we conclude that the hardware realization of quantum annealing has the potential to significantly outperform the best classical algorithms if thermal noise and other imperfections are sufficiently suppressed and the device operates coherently, as demonstrated in recent short-time quantum simulations.